Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly those receiving dialysis, are at a markedly increased risk of developing restless legs syndrome (RLS), according to a recent study. The study emphasizes how common RLS symptoms are in this group and how closely they are linked to iron deficiency, a condition commonly observed in CKD because of poor food intake, blood loss, and chronic inflammation.
According to a 2016 meta-analysis, RLS affects almost one in four CKD patients, with hemodialysis patients experiencing greater rates. Additionally, studies of cerebrospinal fluid and brain imaging have revealed reduced iron concentrations in specific regions of RLS patients, indicating that central iron deficiency—rather than peripheral—is more important for the onset of symptoms. Systemic inflammation and blood loss from dialysis frequently exacerbate this imbalance in CKD.
The study also found that CKD patients with RLS had higher TIBC and lower serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and serum iron levels, suggesting both functional and absolute iron deficit. These results highlight the value of iron-targeted treatment and early identification in controlling RLS symptoms and raising CKD patients’ general quality of life.
What is RLS, or restless legs syndrome?
Willis-Ekbom Disease, another name for restless legs syndrome, is a neurological and sensory disorder marked by an insatiable desire to move the legs. It is a sleep-disrupting disorder because it usually manifests during times of inactivity or rest, particularly at night or in the evening.
RLS symptoms and indicators
The severity of RLS symptoms varies from person to person and can be minor to severe. Among its notable characteristics are:
Pain following rest: Usually, the symptoms begin when you’re sitting or lying down for extended periods of time, like on a lengthy drive or while watching a movie in a theater.
Movement-based relief: Simple leg movements, pacing, or stretching can momentarily reduce symptoms.
Worse at night: Many people have problems getting to sleep or remaining asleep.
Twitching at night: RLS may be linked to periodic limb movement of sleep, a more prevalent disorder in which the legs kick and twitch while you sleep, sometimes all night long.
Effect on mood and concentration: Prolonged exhaustion, depression, and trouble focusing are typical.
RLS symptoms that are severe enough to interfere with job, social life, and mental health might happen more than twice a week.
Why does RLS occur?
Restless legs syndrome frequently has no identified cause. Nonetheless, a number of significant elements have been found. RLS frequently runs in families, suggesting that genetics may be involved. Iron deficiency, particularly low iron levels in the brain, is one of the most important medical connections because it disrupts the creation of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is necessary for controlling smooth muscle.
Chronic conditions like diabetes, renal failure, and peripheral neuropathy are other common causes of RLS. RLS has also been linked to issues with the brain’s dopamine pathways, which are comparable to those observed in Parkinson’s disease.
How can RLS be managed?
Although there isn’t a cure for RLS at this time, its symptoms can frequently be controlled with the correct medication and lifestyle changes. Addressing and recognizing underlying issues such as iron deficiency, diabetes, or sleep apnea is the first step in addressing the problem. Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine should be avoided or consumed in moderation by those with RLS, particularly in the evening.
Establishing a regular sleep schedule and keeping a peaceful bedroom atmosphere have been found to benefit the body in reducing nocturnal symptoms. Additionally, leg massages, warm baths, and the application of ice packs and heating pads provide alleviation. Temporary alleviation has also been demonstrated by certain gadgets, such as vibration pads or specifically made foot wraps that apply light pressure.
